Lung Cancer

Lung cancer starts in the cells of the lung .The lungs are in the chest on either side of the heart. The right lung has 3components or lobes and the left lung 2 lobes. Air is inhaled through the nose and throat and flows past the voice box (larynx) into the windpipe (Trachea).The windpipe divides into 2tubes the left and right bronchi which supply air to each lung within the lung the tubes get smaller and smaller (bronchioles)until they reach air sacs(alveoli) The alveoli’s job is too add oxygen to the blood and to take waste gases out. The waste gas is removed from the body as exhale.

Types of lung cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer : -This is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually spreads more slowly than some other lung cancers.

There are three major types of non-small cell lung cancer : -

• Squamous cell carcinoma.
• Adenocarcinoma.
• Large cell carcinoma.

Small cell lung cancer : -This is a less common type of lung cancer and it spreads quicker than non-small-cell lung cancer.

There are three major types of small cell lung cancer : -

• Small cell carcinoma.
• Mixed small cell/large cell.
• Combined small cell carcinoma.

Symptoms of Lung Cancer

• Coughing (when a tumor grew and blocked a passage).
• Coughing up blood.
• Chest pain.
• Shortness of breath.
• Pneumonia.
• Hoarseness (caused by pressure on a nerve).
• Difficulty in swallowing (caused by an obstruction of the esophagus).
• swelling of the neck, face and upper extremities (caused by pressure on blood vessels).
• Fatigue.
• Loss of appetite.
• Loss of weight.

Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

If lung cancer is suspected, the person will have their medical history taken, a physical examination, and a variety of tests to confirm the diagnosis.

During the physical exam, the doctor will look for lymph node enlargement in the neck or in the region above the collarbones, liver enlargement, abnormal abdominal enlargement, and signs of a lung mass.

Staging of Lung Cancer

Once the diagnosis of lung cancer is made, further staging studies are done to determine the spread of the disease and the appropriate treatment method. These studies include computed tomography (CT or CAT scan), a bone scan and a PET scan.

The CT/CAT scan is a series of x-rays taken as a scanner revolves around the body. A computer then receives the x-ray images and makes a cross-sectional picture of the area being examined.

Treatment of Lung Cancer in India

Standard treatment for patients with lung cancer is of limited effectiveness in all but the most localized tumors. For this reason, patients are encouraged to consider participating in clinical trials (research studies) designed to evaluate new approaches to therapy.

Surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy (used alone or in various combinations) are the standard methods used to treat lung cancer. The choice of treatment depends on many factors, including the type of tumor, the extent of the disease when it is diagnosed, the age and general health of the patient and other variables. The first question to question is whether the lung cancer is caught at an early enough stage to allow for surgery with curative intent.

Surgical procedures that may be employed include wedge or segmental resection (removal of a part of the affected lungs), lobetomy (removal of the entire lobe of the lung) or pneumonectomy (removal of the entire right or left lung).

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